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GERD

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A child or pediatric, neurologist specializes in the diagnosis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder that occurs when stomach acid or bile flows back into the food pipe (esophagus), irritating its lining. While occasional acid reflux is common and harmless, frequent or prolonged reflux leads to GERD, which can cause significant discomfort, disrupt daily life, and even result in complications if left untreated.

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Symptoms of GERD

Symptoms can vary in intensity but typically include:

  • Frequent heartburn (burning sensation in the chest or throat)
  • Regurgitation (sour or bitter-tasting fluid backing up into the throat or mouth)
  • Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • Chest pain that may mimic heart-related pain
  • Chronic cough, sore throat, or hoarseness (due to acid irritation).
  • Asthma-like symptoms (wheezing, shortness of breath).
  • Sleep disturbances due to nighttime reflux.
Diagnosis

Doctors diagnose GERD through:

  • Medical history and symptom review.
  • Upper endoscopy (EGD): to view esophagus lining and check for inflammation, ulcers, or precancerous changes.
  • pH monitoring: measuring acid levels in the esophagus over 24–48 hours.
  • Esophageal manometry: checking esophageal muscle function.
  • Barium swallow X-ray: to detect narrowing or hiatal hernia.
Treatment Options

1. Lifestyle and Dietary Changes

  • Avoid trigger foods (spicy, fatty, citrus, caffeine, alcohol).
  • Eat smaller, more frequent meals.
  • Avoid lying down for at least 2–3 hours after eating.
  • Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption.

2. Medications

  • Antacids – provide quick relief by neutralizing stomach acid.
  • H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine) – reduce acid production.
  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole) – stronger acid reducers and mainstay treatment for GERD.
  • Prokinetics – help strengthen LES and empty stomach faster.
Conclusion

GERD is a widespread condition that can affect people of all ages. While it can cause significant discomfort and complications, early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications, and effective treatment can manage symptoms and improve quality of life. In chronic cases, medical or surgical intervention may be required. With proper management, most people with GERD can lead healthy, symptom-free lives.

What is GERD and how is it different from acid reflux?

Acid reflux is the occasional backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, which can cause heartburn. GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) is a chronic, more severe form of acid reflux where symptoms occur frequently (more than twice a week) and may lead to complications if untreated.

What are the most common symptoms of GERD?

The hallmark symptoms include persistent heartburn, regurgitation of food or sour liquid, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, chronic cough, sore throat, and hoarseness. Some people may also experience disrupted sleep due to nighttime reflux.

When should I see a doctor for GERD?

You should consult a doctor if you experience symptoms more than twice a week, if medications don’t relieve your symptoms, or if you have trouble swallowing, chronic cough, unintentional weight loss, or chest pain. These may indicate complications or more serious conditions.

What foods and drinks should I avoid if I have GERD?

Common triggers include spicy foods, fried or fatty foods, citrus fruits, tomatoes, chocolate, garlic, onions, caffeine, alcohol, and carbonated beverages. It’s best to track personal triggers, as they can vary from person to person.

Can GERD be cured permanently?

While lifestyle changes and medications can effectively manage symptoms, GERD is usually a long-term condition. Some people may need lifelong treatment, while others may benefit from surgical procedures (like fundoplication or LINX device) if medications and lifestyle adjustments do not provide relief.